Kamwazi (Typhoid Fever)

Typhoid fever (kamwazi) ndi matenda omwe a Malawi ambiri akuwadziwa. Matendawa, omwe nthawi zina anthu amasokoneza ndi malungo chifukwa chofanana zizindikiro, timayambitsa ndi tizirombo totchedwa bakiteria.

Matenda a kamwazi amayambitsa kutsegula m’mimba ndi ziwengo, kamba ka mtundu wa bakiteria womwe umayambitsa matendawa wa Salmonella typhi (S. typhi).

Nanga matendawa amayamba bwanji ndipo tingawapewe bwanji?

 Ka chilombo ka S. typhi  kamafala kudzela mu zakudya, zakumwa komanso madzi amene mwapezeka tizilomboti. Ngati mwadya kapena kumwa madzi omwe muli tizilombo toyambitsa kamwazi, tizilomboti timalowa mthupi mwanu kudzera mu matumbo. Kenako tizilomboti timachoka mu matumbo ndikulowa mu magazi momwe timafala ku ziwalo zosiyana siyana.

Kuopsya kwa matendawa ndi koti anthu ena amatha kukhala ndi matendawa mthupi mwao koma osadwala. Anthu oterewa amatchewa “afalitsi” (pa chizungu amati ma carriers), anthuwa amanka na falitsa matendawa asakudziwa. Anthuwa amafalitsa matendawa kudzera mu chimbudzi chawo, ndipo akhoza kufalitsa matendawa kwa zaka zambiri.

Zizindikiro za matendawa

Chizikiro choyamba ndi kutentha kwa mthupi, kuphwanya mthupi ndi kupweteka kwa m’mimba, ndi kutegula m’mimba.

Anthu ena amakhala ndi ziwengo zomwe zimaoneka ngati madontho ofira pa mimba ndi pa chifuwa.

Matendawa ndi oopsya choncho ndi chofunikira kuti ngati mwaona zizindikilozi, mupite ku chitala mwa msanga kuti mukalandire chithandizo.

Musayiwale kuti kamwazi ndi nthenda ya chisanu ndi chinayi (9) yoopsa pa dziko lonse lapansi pa matenda opatsirana.

Kodi Mukudziwa?

Sabata lapitali takhala tikukambirana za matenda opatsirana ndipo ndinaperkapo ndondomeko ya matenda khumi opatsirana omwe ali oopsya kwambiri pa dziko lapansi.

Lero tikambepo za nthenda yomwe ili ya chi khumi pa matenda oopsya kwambiri opatsirana pa dziko lapansi. Nthendayitu ndi ya nthomba yomwe pa chizungu imatchedwa smallpox.

Aliyense amane anabadwa kuyambira zaka za mbuyomo kulekezera 1978 wa chi Malawi ali ndi chipsyera chokhala ngati dzuwa pa mkono wao wa kumanja. Anthu ena nkumadabwa kuti kodi chipsyera chimenechi chinachokera kuti?

Chipsyerachitu ndi cha katemera wa matenda aja a nthomba omwe pa chizungu amatchedwa. Nthomba ndi imodzi mwa matenda oopsya kwambiri opatsirana pa dziko lapannsi. Nthendayi ili pa nambala 10 pa nthenda zoopsya kwambiri zopatsirana.  Ngakhale nthendayi inatha mumaiko ambiri, adakalipo maiko angapo omwe katemerayu adakaperekedwabe.

Nthendayi  imayambitsa ndi vairasi yotchedwa variola. Pachimake pa nthendayi mwa anthu zana limodzi (100) opezeka ndi matendawa anthu ochepera khumu okha ndi omwe amatha ku chira ku nthendayi.

Nkhani yosangalatsa ndi yakuti nthenda ya nthomba inagonjetsedwa ndipo inatha padziko lonse. Munthu omaliza kupezeka ndi matendawa adapezeka mu mwezi wa okotobala mu chaka cha 1977.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timabisala mu misempha ya khungu komanso mkamwa ndi pakhosi.  Momwe ti mapangitsa matuza omwe amadzala amaonekera kumanso komanso thupi lonse. Munthu akachira ku matendawa amakhala ndi zipsyera kumaso ndi mthupi, ena amachitika khungu kamba ka tizilomboti kupezeka mmaso, ena amapuwala ziwalo zosiyana siyana.

Mu chaka cha 1979 bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linalengeza kugonjetsa kwa matendawa.

Kupewa Matenda Opatsirana

Matenda opatsirana ndi matenda ena, ndi gwero la imfa zambiri, kulumala, komanso umphawi kwa zikwi zikwi za anthu pa dziko lapansi.

Ngakhale njira zilipo zopewera matendawa, komanso kupezeka kwa mankhwala osiyana siyana ochiza ena mwa matendawa, vutoli lidakalipobe.

Chifukwa chain vutoli la matendawa lidakalipobe?

Yankho kapena nditi mayankho alipo angapo, ena mwa iwo ndi awa;

    1. Anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti matendawa tikhoza ku wapewa

2. Anthu ambiri sakudziwa njira zopewera matendawa

3. Kusowa kwa mankhwala omwe amathandiza ku chepetsa komanso kuchiza matendawa

4. Kuchepa kwa maphunziro, choncho anthu ambiri satha kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndipo sangathe kuwerenga za njira zopewera kapena kupeza chithandizo ku matendawa.

5. Ku kwera mtengo kwa mankhwala komanso zipatala zolipira komwe anthu angathe kupeza ena mwa mankhwala oti angawathandize ku matendawa

6. Umphawi womwe umapangitsa anthu kukhala m’malo komanso kumwa madzi ndi kudya zakudya zoti si za ukhondo

Nanga tingathandizane bwanji kuti tichepetse kapena kupewa kumene matenda opatsiranawa?

Chifukwa cha kuopsya kwa matenda opatsirana, maiko osiyana siyana pa dziko lonse anagwirizana pa mfundo yotchedwa “Millenium Development goals” omwe pa Chichewa tinganti “Mfundo za chitukuko muchilimika cha mileniyamu”. Imodzi mwa mfundo zomwe anagwirizana ndi :

Kuthetsa komanso kutembenuza njira za kufala kwa matenda opatsirana pofika chaka cha 2015.

Kodi maiko wa akwaniritsa bwanji mfundo imeneyi?

Ilitu ndi funso lomwe dziko lili lonse liyenera kuyankha. Maiko osiyana siyana akonza njira zomwe akutsata kuti athane ndi vuto la matenda opatsiranawa. Zina mwa njirazi ndi;

1) Kuonetsetsa kuti anthu aphunzitsidwe njira zopewera matenda opatsirana

2) Kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akulandira mankhwala oyenerera ochepetsa komanso ku chiza matendawa

3) Kuonesetsa kuti anthu ali ndi madzi a ukhondo komanso akuphunzitsidwa njira zosiyana siyana za ukhondo.

Chikhazikitsileni mfundo za chitukukuko mu chilimika cha mileniyamu mu chaka cha 2000, zina mwa zinthu zomwe maiko akwaniritsa ndi;

· Kuchepetsa kwa imfa chifukwa cha matenda a chikuku ndi pafupi fupi 92% mu Africa ndi Madera a ku mvuma kwa Nyanja ya Mediterenian (East Medeterenian)

· Kukwaniritsa ku chiza matenda a TB mu Madera ambiri a ku Mwera cha ku mvuma kwa Asia (South East Asia)


· Pafupifupi kuthetsa matenda a Polio ndi matenda ena opatsirana kudzera mu tinyongolotsi (worm diseases)

Izi ndi zina mwazitsanzo za njira zomwe maiko akuyesetsa kukhazikitsa mu kulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana.

What Causes Infectious Diseases (Kodi Chimene Chimayambitsa Matenda Opatsirana ndi Chani?)

ENGLISH


I wrote about communicable/infectious diseases yesterday. If you remember well listed 10 infectious diseases that are constitute the top 10 infectious diseases in the world.  This does not mean that these are the only infectious diseases,  there are many more infectious diseases affecting our world today.

Six of the infectious diseases are caused by viruses, three by bacteria and one by a parasite as shown below; 

       Disease                                    Causative agent

1. HIV and AIDS          Virus
2. Ebola                       Virus
3. SARS                       Virus
4. Malaria                     Parasite
5. Anthrax                     Bacteria
6. Cholera                     Bacteria
7. Bubonic plague         Virus
8. Influenza                   Virus
9. Typhoid fever            Bacteria
10. Smallpox                   Virus

So how do we define a virus, bacteria and parasite? These are microscopic organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. The three differ in structure, genetic make up and how they cause infection.

Approxmately 15 million people die from infectious diseases every year and most of these people live in developing countries. Infectious diseases are a big challenge because these diseases do not respect the physical borders and barriers. If a person, animal, insect or pest carrying the diseases crosses from one country to another they can easily spread the disease to their new location.

Infectious diseases are a problem to both children and adults and affect health, social well being and productivity of the affected communities.

So how can we create awareness in the communities affected by these diseases?

In the coming days I will be expounding on the 10 diseases listed above.


CHICHEWA


Dzulo ndinakambapo za matenda khumi opatsirana omwe ali oopsya kwambiri pa dziko lapansi. Sikuti matenda opatsirana khumi ndalemba apa wa ndi okhawo amene alipo pa dziko lino ayi. Pali matenda ambiri komanso osiyana siyana omwe amapezeka mu madera ambiri.

Mwa matenda khumi ndinalemba dzulo, asanu ndi chimodzi (6) timayambitsa ndi tizilombo tochedwa "virus (vailasi)", atatu (3) timayambitsa ndi tizilombo totchedwa "bacteria (bakiteria)" ndipo nthenda imodzi (1) imayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo totchedwa "parasite (parazaiti)" monga motere;

                                                                          
              Matenda        Chomwe Chimayambitsa

1. EDZI                       Vairasi
2. Ebola                     Vairasi
3. SARS                     Vairasi
4. Malungo                Parazaiti
5. Anthrax                 Bakiteria
6. Kolera                   Bakiteria
7. Bubonic plague      Vairasi
8. Chimfine               Vairasi
9. Kamwazi                Bakiteria
10. Nthomba                Vairasi

Kodi vailasi, bakiteria ndi parazaiti ndi chani? Iti ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso athu tomwe tili tosiyana mumaonekedwe, chilengedwe chake komanso njira zomwe timafalira mthupi.
Pafupifupi anthu 15 million (miliyoni) padziko lapansi amamwalira chaka chilichonse kamba ka matenda opatsirana.
 Matendawa ndi oopsya chifukwa sadziwa malire a maiko. Ngati munthu, zinyama, ndi tizilombo tofalitsa matendawa ziyenda kuchokera dela lina kupita dela lina, zikhoza kufalitsa matendawa ku malo a chilendowa.


Matenda opatsirana ndi vuto lomwe limakhudza ana ndi akulu omwe ndipo zimasokoneza umoyo wao, chikhalidwe chao komanso chitukuko m'madera mwao.


Tsopano mmene tamvera apa tinga chenjeze bwanji  anthu amene ali m'madera wa zokhudza matendawa?
Masiku akubwerawa ndikambapo mwa tchutchutchu zokhudza matenda khumi wa.

Communicable/ Infectious Diseases (Matenda Opatsirana)

ENGLISH


What are infectious diseases?


These are diseases that can be transmitted (transferred) by pests, parasites, and animals or passed on from one person to another.
Infectious diseases are a  major problem around the globe especially in developing countries. Some of the most common infectious diseases in the wolrd that can be labelled as top 10 include:

1. HIV and AIDS
2. Ebola
3. SARS
4. Malaria
5. Anthrax
6. Cholera
7. Bubonic plague
8. Influenza
9. Typhoid fever
10. Smallpox

CHICHEWA


Kodi tikamati matenda opatsirana titanthauzanji?


Matenda opatsirana omwe pa chizungu amatchedwa "infectious diseases", ndi matenda omwe tikhoza kutenga kuchokera ku tizilombo (monga udzudzu, ntchentche), zinyama (monga mbewa, nkhumba, ng'ombe) kapena kupatsirana wina ndi mzake (monga chimfine, HIV/AIDS ndi matenda ena opatsirana).

Matenda opatsirana ndi vuto lalikulu pa dziko lapansi maka maka mu maiko amene akutukuka kumene. Ena mwa matenda khumi opatsirana amane ali owopsya kwambiri pa dziko lonse ndi awa:

1. HIV and AIDS (EDZI)
2. Ebola
3. SARS
4. Malaria (Malungo)
5. Anthrax
6. Cholera (Kolera)
7. Bubonic plague
8. Influenza (Chimfine)
9. Typhoid fever (Kamwazi)
10. Smallpox (Nthomba)

About TIA Bio Consultant

 Mission statement and vision

We are a firm that seeks excellence in public health through, infectious disease surveillance, community awareness and disease prevention. We seek to link researchers, health workers and the communities and translate scientific findings in a simple language understood by all.

We seek to work with individuals, researchers and institutions involved in disease awareness through public health research, life sciences, and social welfare.   

Goals and objectives

The following are our objectives:

1. PUBLIC HEALTH AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A. Drafting policy on infectious disease management and control
-for home based care
-for the workplace
-for rural village communities
-for urban settlements

B. Public awareness on the epidemiology of infectious diseases:
- on the facts regarding infectious diseases
-disease prevention
-disease control

C. Dissemination of relevant public health information to media and communities through posters, and presentations.

- Information regarding infectious disease management

-Linking communities, scientists and health personnel on public health matters

-Organise and facilitate training workshops on infectious disease management and control

D. Conduct training workshops in:
-molecular biology techniques
-Basic bioinformatics
-Parasitology
- Laboratory management
-Handling and management of clinical samples
-Data management and Analysis
-Scientific writing

E. Analysis of genomic data 

 

Welcome Note

Welcome to TIA Bio Consultant blog. This is a blog that will address, inform, and discuss various topics regarding infectious diseases and other non-communicable diseases.

The topics will be written in two languages, English and Chichewa so as to reach out to the international and the Malawian community.


Welcome!